Everything about James Barry Munnik Hertzog totally explained
James Barry Munnik Hertzog, better known as
JBM Hertzog (born April 3,
1866 near Wellington,
Cape Colony - died November 21,
1942 in
Pretoria,
Union of South Africa) was a general on the
Boer side during the second
Anglo-Boer War and the
Prime Minister of the
Union of South Africa first from
1920 to
1921 and then from
1924 to
1939. Throughout his life he encouraged the development of the
Afrikaner culture, determined to protect the
Afrikaner from British influence.
General Hertzog
Hertzog received his law degrees from
Victoria College in
Stellenbosch,
Cape Colony and the
University of Amsterdam. He had a law practice in Pretoria from
1892 until
1895, when he was appointed to the
Orange Free State High Court. During the
Boer War of
1899-
1902 he rose to the rank of general, becoming the assistant chief commandant of the military forces of the Orange Free State. Despite some military reverses, he gained renown as a daring and resourceful leader of the guerilla forces continuing to fight the British. Eventually, convinced of the futility of further bloodshed, he signed the May 1902
Treaty of Vereeniging.
Politician
With the country now at peace, Hertzog plunged into politics as the chief organizer of the Orangia Unie Party. In
1907, the
Orange River Colony gained self-government and Hertzog joined the cabinet as Attorney-General and Director of Education. His insistence that
Dutch as well as
English be taught in the schools met bitter opposition. He was appointed Minister of Justice in the new nation formed on May 31,
1910 called the
Union of South Africa. He continued in office until
1912. His antagonism to
imperialism and to
Premier Botha led to a ministerial crisis. In
1913 he led a secession of the
Old Boer and anti-imperialist section from the South African party.
At the outbreak of the
South African rebellion in
1914, he kept aloof, not opposing either side. In the years following the war, he headed the opposition to the government of
General Smuts.
Prime Minister
In the general election of
1924, his
National Party defeated the
South African Party of
Jan Smuts and became the government. In
1934, the National Party and the South African Party merged to form the
United Party.
Hertzog was a
republican who believed strongly in promoting the independence of the
Union of South Africa from the
British Empire. His government approved the
Statute of Westminster in
1931, and in
1937 after King
Edward VIII abdicated as
King of the United Kingdom (and thus
King of South Africa), Hertzog insisted the
South African parliament "approve" this decision in a vote.
On September 4,
1939, the United Party caucus refused to accept Hertzog's stance of neutrality in
World War II and deposed him in favor of Smuts.
Further Information
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